5.25-Inch Floppy Disk
Floppy disks with a rectangular size of 5.25 inches contain a circular magnetically coated disk medium
protected by a flexible outer plastic sleeve or "jacket". These smaller 5.25" disks were the second generation
of disks, following the IBM introduced 8-inch disks. As these 5 and a quarter inch disks were the "smaller"
disks, they were sometimes called "Mini diskettes", "Mini disk", or "Minifloppy").
The first generation of floppy drives used 8-inch floppy disks and wrote on media with an iron oxide magnetic coating with a track width of 0.330mm, resulting in 77 tracks at 48 tracks per inch (48 TPI). The media used was labeled with Single Density. When Double Density was introduced, this didn't change track width, but meant that an improved line code was employed to store more data per track. The designation Single or Double Density does not refer to a specific "density" of the disk coating but instead to the density of data that is expected to be written and the quality level the produced disk is expected to comply with.
The 5.25-inch next generation of floppy disks was introduced by Shugart Associates and was a shrunken version of the IBM introduced 8-inch disk. Despite the smaller form factor, such disks had the same pyhsical disk coating and drives wrote with the same track width (48 tpi) to then only 35 tracks, due to the reduced surface area compared to an 8-inch disk. Both, the new disk form-factor and the Shugart 34-pin interface quickly became a de-facto industry standard. One minor optimisation was the increase in cylinders from initially 35 to later 40 tracks. While still written at 48 tpi, this maxed out use of the available disk surface. Disks made for the initial 35 tracks only had a smaller R/W-window and would not work in a drive expecting to write 40 tracks - but these disks are rare.
Later generations of drive mechanics which were able to provide higher accuracy and "double stepping" were able to double the track density and write 96 tracks per inch, 80 tracks per disk side. In 1984 IBM introduced High Density disks which used a different magnetic coating with higher coercivity, which meant that magnetic regions could be packed denser without affecting each other - but that, in turn, required a different read/write-head which needed to be able to excert a higher magnetic force. Although double density media could then be formatted by a HD drive, data written was usually stored unreliably.
Earlier Micropolis floppy disk drives ("MegaFloppy") extended Shugart's standard of 48 tpi (tracks per inch) and increased track count to 77 tracks on a disk, and, with 100 TPI track density, doubled the available storage on a disk. This Micropolis format was effectively a 1:1 scaled-down version of an 8-inch disk.
A next step was to also raise recording density in the "MetaFloppy" series of drives. While the industry's step from single to double densitity didn't change track width, but doubled capacity by replacing FM data encoding with MFM, the Micropolis "quad density" drive technology combined a doubled track count and replaced MFM data encoding with GCR to make four times as much total storage available on a single 5.25-inch floppy disk. The recording media used was still Double Density and write heads used the lower 300-oersted magnetic force (vs. the 600-oersted needed to write to HD media).
Despite a number of manufacturers (Tandon , Commodore, both in earlier systems) adopting the 100TPI standard, Micropolis later switched to 96TPI when "double stepping" drives based on a doubling of Shugart's 48TPI won out.
5.25-inch media was available as "single density" SD (1D) and the more common "double density" DD (2D). Both of these designations were generally identical to those of 8-inch disks.
Quad density (QD or 4D) doubles capacity over DD by narrowing the width of tracks to 0.160 mm (0.0063 in) for a density of 96 tpi. As explained here, Micropolis (and some other manufacturers, Tandon, Micro Peripherals (MPI), TEAC) used a track density of 100 tpi to reach "Quad Density" in their drives.
High density (HD) on the other hand, improves capacity by utilizing a 96 tpi track density in conjunction with improved cobalt disk coating and stronger 600-oersted write heads, allowing 9646 bpi to be written. This slightly wider track spacing was incompatible with Micropolis' inital Quad Density track stepping, but when the 96 tpi standard won out in customer adoption, Micropolis started offering 96 tpi drive versions in 1980 (Micropolis 1015-V and 1015-VI, Micropolis 1016-V 1016-VI). Compare 1015/1016-family notes.
One thing to note about the step from 40 to 80 tracks refers to backwards compatibility. 80 track drives usually can read floppies written by 40 track drives but not vice versa. This is because 40 track drives use write heads twice the width of those used in 80 track drives. This leads to 40 track drives writing "broader" magnetic tracks, which the finer head of a 80 track drive can read, but in turn, the "thinner" lines of a 80 track drive, although possibly written at a tpi resolution of 40 tracks, wouldn't be picked up reliably by a true 40 track drive.
Later drives, and the later industry standard, is what is named "soft-sectored" media. A soft-sectored disk omits the sector holes and keeps only one hole, the index hole. The window in the disk's sleeve thus is usually called the "index hole". The same photosensor logic inside the drive detects this hole to mark one full rotation of the disk media inside the sleeve. The physically punched hard sector markers in soft sectored media were "moved into software", replaced by a special bit pattern that is written on disk during low level formatting of the disk.
With hard- or soft-sectored disks, it's important to understand that in these early days the drive mechanics itself knew little about how data was laid out onto the magnetic surface. Similarly as with MFM hard disks, such semantics were delegated to the attached controller. The drive's controller board was responsible for the disk format used. The "drive" was only mechanics, delegating head-positioning and motor control to the controller, which was also responsible for the data format written to disk. Early controllers were built on TTL eletronics and used hard-sectoring to locate reagions on disk. Later drives, built around IC-based controllers, relied less on sector marks but instead wrote marks into the data stream. What remained is the index hold that signalled one complete turn of the disk.
Hard-sectored media has its origins in 8-inch floppy disks and was carried over to the smaller 5.25" format for some time. Micropolis' use of hard-sectored media has its root in the early Micropolis 100085-01-8A floppy drive controller board and later 1071 controller, which both used logics built for hard-sectored media.
The first generation of floppy drives used 8-inch floppy disks and wrote on media with an iron oxide magnetic coating with a track width of 0.330mm, resulting in 77 tracks at 48 tracks per inch (48 TPI). The media used was labeled with Single Density. When Double Density was introduced, this didn't change track width, but meant that an improved line code was employed to store more data per track. The designation Single or Double Density does not refer to a specific "density" of the disk coating but instead to the density of data that is expected to be written and the quality level the produced disk is expected to comply with.
The 5.25-inch next generation of floppy disks was introduced by Shugart Associates and was a shrunken version of the IBM introduced 8-inch disk. Despite the smaller form factor, such disks had the same pyhsical disk coating and drives wrote with the same track width (48 tpi) to then only 35 tracks, due to the reduced surface area compared to an 8-inch disk. Both, the new disk form-factor and the Shugart 34-pin interface quickly became a de-facto industry standard. One minor optimisation was the increase in cylinders from initially 35 to later 40 tracks. While still written at 48 tpi, this maxed out use of the available disk surface. Disks made for the initial 35 tracks only had a smaller R/W-window and would not work in a drive expecting to write 40 tracks - but these disks are rare.
Later generations of drive mechanics which were able to provide higher accuracy and "double stepping" were able to double the track density and write 96 tracks per inch, 80 tracks per disk side. In 1984 IBM introduced High Density disks which used a different magnetic coating with higher coercivity, which meant that magnetic regions could be packed denser without affecting each other - but that, in turn, required a different read/write-head which needed to be able to excert a higher magnetic force. Although double density media could then be formatted by a HD drive, data written was usually stored unreliably.
Earlier Micropolis floppy disk drives ("MegaFloppy") extended Shugart's standard of 48 tpi (tracks per inch) and increased track count to 77 tracks on a disk, and, with 100 TPI track density, doubled the available storage on a disk. This Micropolis format was effectively a 1:1 scaled-down version of an 8-inch disk.
A next step was to also raise recording density in the "MetaFloppy" series of drives. While the industry's step from single to double densitity didn't change track width, but doubled capacity by replacing FM data encoding with MFM, the Micropolis "quad density" drive technology combined a doubled track count and replaced MFM data encoding with GCR to make four times as much total storage available on a single 5.25-inch floppy disk. The recording media used was still Double Density and write heads used the lower 300-oersted magnetic force (vs. the 600-oersted needed to write to HD media).
Despite a number of manufacturers (Tandon , Commodore, both in earlier systems) adopting the 100TPI standard, Micropolis later switched to 96TPI when "double stepping" drives based on a doubling of Shugart's 48TPI won out.
5.25-inch media was available as "single density" SD (1D) and the more common "double density" DD (2D). Both of these designations were generally identical to those of 8-inch disks.
Quad density (QD or 4D) doubles capacity over DD by narrowing the width of tracks to 0.160 mm (0.0063 in) for a density of 96 tpi. As explained here, Micropolis (and some other manufacturers, Tandon, Micro Peripherals (MPI), TEAC) used a track density of 100 tpi to reach "Quad Density" in their drives.
High density (HD) on the other hand, improves capacity by utilizing a 96 tpi track density in conjunction with improved cobalt disk coating and stronger 600-oersted write heads, allowing 9646 bpi to be written. This slightly wider track spacing was incompatible with Micropolis' inital Quad Density track stepping, but when the 96 tpi standard won out in customer adoption, Micropolis started offering 96 tpi drive versions in 1980 (Micropolis 1015-V and 1015-VI, Micropolis 1016-V 1016-VI). Compare 1015/1016-family notes.
One thing to note about the step from 40 to 80 tracks refers to backwards compatibility. 80 track drives usually can read floppies written by 40 track drives but not vice versa. This is because 40 track drives use write heads twice the width of those used in 80 track drives. This leads to 40 track drives writing "broader" magnetic tracks, which the finer head of a 80 track drive can read, but in turn, the "thinner" lines of a 80 track drive, although possibly written at a tpi resolution of 40 tracks, wouldn't be picked up reliably by a true 40 track drive.
Hard-sectored vs. soft-sectored disks
Most Micropolis floppy disk drives, especially earlier models, did not use "soft-sectored" media, but disk media that was hard-sectored. For example the Micropolis provided floppy disk with order no. 1081-05. A hard-sectored floppy disk is a disk with 16 sector marking holes punched through the magnetic medium in circular arrangement around the center hub of the disk. An optical sensor uses a small window in the disk's sleeve to pick up these holes and detect the beginning of one disk sector. An additional 17th index hole is located halfway between the holes for sector 15 and sector zero.Later drives, and the later industry standard, is what is named "soft-sectored" media. A soft-sectored disk omits the sector holes and keeps only one hole, the index hole. The window in the disk's sleeve thus is usually called the "index hole". The same photosensor logic inside the drive detects this hole to mark one full rotation of the disk media inside the sleeve. The physically punched hard sector markers in soft sectored media were "moved into software", replaced by a special bit pattern that is written on disk during low level formatting of the disk.
With hard- or soft-sectored disks, it's important to understand that in these early days the drive mechanics itself knew little about how data was laid out onto the magnetic surface. Similarly as with MFM hard disks, such semantics were delegated to the attached controller. The drive's controller board was responsible for the disk format used. The "drive" was only mechanics, delegating head-positioning and motor control to the controller, which was also responsible for the data format written to disk. Early controllers were built on TTL eletronics and used hard-sectoring to locate reagions on disk. Later drives, built around IC-based controllers, relied less on sector marks but instead wrote marks into the data stream. What remained is the index hold that signalled one complete turn of the disk.
Hard-sectored media has its origins in 8-inch floppy disks and was carried over to the smaller 5.25" format for some time. Micropolis' use of hard-sectored media has its root in the early Micropolis 100085-01-8A floppy drive controller board and later 1071 controller, which both used logics built for hard-sectored media.